Neural information retrieval (IR) systems have progressed rapidly in recent years, in large part due to the release of publicly available benchmarking tasks. Unfortunately, some dimensions of this progress are illusory: the majority of the popular IR benchmarks today focus exclusively on downstream task accuracy and thus conceal the costs incurred by systems that trade away efficiency for quality. Latency, hardware cost, and other efficiency considerations are paramount to the deployment of IR systems in user-facing settings. We propose that IR benchmarks structure their evaluation methodology to include not only metrics of accuracy, but also efficiency considerations such as a query latency and the corresponding cost budget for a reproducible hardware setting. For the popular IR benchmarks MS MARCO and XOR-TyDi, we show how the best choice of IR system varies according to how these efficiency considerations are chosen and weighed. We hope that future benchmarks will adopt these guidelines toward more holistic IR evaluation.
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Fine-tuning pre-trained language models (PLMs) achieves impressive performance on a range of downstream tasks, and their sizes have consequently been getting bigger. Since a different copy of the model is required for each task, this paradigm is infeasible for storage-constrained edge devices like mobile phones. In this paper, we propose SPARTAN, a parameter efficient (PE) and computationally fast architecture for edge devices that adds hierarchically organized sparse memory after each Transformer layer. SPARTAN freezes the PLM parameters and fine-tunes only its memory, thus significantly reducing storage costs by re-using the PLM backbone for different tasks. SPARTAN contains two levels of memory, with only a sparse subset of parents being chosen in the first level for each input, and children cells corresponding to those parents being used to compute an output representation. This sparsity combined with other architecture optimizations improves SPARTAN's throughput by over 90% during inference on a Raspberry Pi 4 when compared to PE baselines (adapters) while also outperforming the latter by 0.1 points on the GLUE benchmark. Further, it can be trained 34% faster in a few-shot setting, while performing within 0.9 points of adapters. Qualitative analysis shows that different parent cells in SPARTAN specialize in different topics, thus dividing responsibility efficiently.
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最近的机器阅读理解数据集包括提取和布尔值问题,但当前的方法并未为回答这两种问题类型提供综合支持。我们提出了一个多语言的机器阅读理解系统和前端演示,该演示通过提供“是/否答案”并突出支持证据,并通过突出段落中的答案来处理提取性问题,从而解决布尔值。在撰写本文时,我们的系统GAAMA 2.0在TYDI QA排行榜上排名第一。我们对比了我们方法的两种不同的实现。第一个包括几个独立的变压器堆栈,可以轻松部署每个组件。第二个是使用适配器来减少资源约束环境中GPU内存足迹的单一堆栈。
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预审前的语言模型在自然语言处理的各个领域都取得了成功,包括阅读理解任务。但是,当将机器学习方法应用于新域时,标记的数据可能并不总是可用。为了解决这个问题,我们使用对源域数据进行预处理的监督,以降低特定于域的下游任务的样本复杂性。我们通过将任务转移与域适应性相结合以微调验证的模型,而没有目标任务中的数据来评估特定于领域的阅读理解任务的零射击性能。我们的方法在4个域中的3个域中的下游域特异性阅读理解任务上超过了域自适应预测。
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最近,对建立问题的兴趣越来越兴趣,其中跨多种模式(如文本和图像)的原因。但是,使用图像的QA通常仅限于从预定义的选项集中挑选答案。此外,在现实世界中的图像,特别是在新闻中,具有与文本共同参考的对象,其中来自两个模态的互补信息。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的QA评估基准,并在新闻文章中提出了1,384个问题,这些文章需要跨媒体接地图像中的物体接地到文本上。具体地,该任务涉及需要推理图像标题对的多跳问题,以识别接地的视觉对象,然后从新闻正文文本中预测跨度以回答问题。此外,我们介绍了一种新颖的多媒体数据增强框架,基于跨媒体知识提取和合成问题答案生成,自动增强可以为此任务提供弱监管的数据。我们在我们的基准测试中评估了基于管道和基于端到端的预先预测的多媒体QA模型,并表明他们实现了有希望的性能,而在人类性能之后大幅滞后,因此留下了未来工作的大型空间,以便在这一具有挑战性的新任务上的工作。
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我们介绍了使用多级知识蒸馏(KD)训练的新的交叉语言信息检索(CLIR)模型。老师和学生是异构的系统 - 前者是依赖于机器翻译和单晶IR的管道,而后者执行单个CLIR操作。我们表明学生可以通过优化两个相应的KD目标来学习多语言表示和CLIR。使用英语唯一的检索器的学习多语言表示是使用一种新颖的跨语言对齐算法来实现,使得贪婪地重新定位教师令牌进行对齐。XOR-TYDI基准测试的评估表明,所提出的模型比具有交叉语言标记的IR数据的微调现有方法更有效,精度为25.4召回@ 5kt。
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包含布尔问题的现有数据集(如Booolq和Tydi QA)为用户提供对问题的是/否响应。然而,一个单词响应不足以可说明的系统。我们通过释放一组标记现有TYDI QA和Booolq数据集的证据的新辅助来促进解释性。我们表明,与依赖现有资源的模型相比,我们的注释可用于培训提取改进证据跨度的模型。我们通过用户学习确认我们的调查结果表明我们提取的证据涵盖了增强用户体验。我们还提供进一步了解回答布尔问题的挑战,例如包含冲突的是和无答案的段落,以及预测证据的不同程度。
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